佐治亚州的信用报告错误:法律怎么规定的

法条怎么规定的

小额诉讼上限

$15,000

Georgia's small-claims forum is the magistrate court. O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2(a) lists the matters over which each magistrate court and each magistrate has jurisdiction and power.

展开完整规定

Paragraph (a)(5) covers the trial of civil claims, including garnishment and attachment, in which exclusive jurisdiction is not vested in the superior court and the amount demanded or the value of the property claimed does not exceed $15,000.00, provided that no prejudgment attachment may be granted. The most recent entry in that section's history line is Ga. L. 2024, p. 400, § 2/HB 1017, effective April 24, 2024.

A different version of the section is already scheduled to take effect, and what it changes cannot be read from this text. The code note states that § 15-10-2 is set out twice, that the version quoted above is effective until January 1, 2027, and that a different version takes effect on January 1, 2027. The text of that later version is not among the statutes quoted on this page. The $15,000.00 figure above is therefore verified only through December 31, 2026; whether the January 1, 2027 version keeps that ceiling, raises it, or lowers it is not stated here, and no figure can be given for it.

Two bills in the 2025-2026 session addressed the magistrate court ceiling. HB 792 was captioned as increasing the amount of claims from $15,000.00 to $30,000.00. Its row is not a bare committee referral: it carries dates in both the House and the Senate columns, running into 2026, under the Judy and GvtO committees. SB 405, captioned “Magistrate Court; the maximum amount of civil claims,” was referred to JUDY with a Senate first reading on 1/16, and its row carries the note “3/6/2026 Tabled in Senate.” Neither row carries an act number, so the composite status table does not show the final disposition of either bill, and it does not connect either bill to the version of § 15-10-2 that takes effect on January 1, 2027.

An FCRA claim can be filed in state court. 15 U.S.C. § 1681p provides that an action to enforce liability under that subchapter may be brought in any appropriate United States district court, without regard to the amount in controversy, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction. On the face of that text, a magistrate-court FCRA suit within the $15,000.00 ceiling is procedurally available.

Two limits on that route are not settled by this text. O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(a) contemplates an action to seek equitable injunctive relief, and the list in § 15-10-2(a) does not name equitable relief; but paragraph (a)(11) also reaches such other matters as are committed to magistrate jurisdiction by other general laws, so whether a magistrate court can grant that relief is left open. And neither § 15-10-2 nor § 1681p says whether a bureau or a furnisher can move such a suit out of magistrate court and into federal court.

法条编号

Overlay provisions, quoted from Justia's unofficial print of the '2025 Code of Georgia' (the official O.C.G.A. is published through LexisNexis and is not the version reproduced here): (a) O.C.G.A.

展开完整规定

§ 10-1-393(b)(29) (Fair Business Practices Act of 1975, Part 2 of Article 15 of Chapter 1 of Title 10, §§ 10-1-390 — 10-1-408): '(29) With respect to any consumer reporting agency: (A) Any person who knowingly and willfully obtains information relative to a consumer from a consumer reporting agency under false pretenses shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; (B) Any officer or employee of a consumer reporting agency who knowingly and willfully provides information concerning an individual from the agency’s files to a person not authorized to receive that information shall be guilty of a misdemeanor; and (C) Each consumer reporting agency which compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nation-wide basis shall furnish to any consumer who has provided appropriate verification of his or her identity two complete consumer reports per calendar year, upon request and without charge;'. The same text appears in the Attorney General's own Fair Business Practices Act compilation dated February 2024, published as a PDF at consumer.georgia.gov. Congress cited this paragraph by name in 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(4)(B) as 'section 10–1–393(29)(C) of the Georgia Code (as in effect on December 4, 2003)' — note Congress omitted the '(b)' subsection designator; the paragraph sits in subsection (b) of § 10-1-393 in the current code and in the 2010 Justia print. (b) O.C.G.A. § 10-1-393.14, 'Code 1981, § 10-1-393.14, enacted by Ga. L. 2015, p. 519, § 1-1/HB 328' — employment-purpose consumer reports only. (c) O.C.G.A. §§ 10-1-913 (definitions), 10-1-914 (consumer security freeze), 10-1-914.1 (security freeze for protected consumers), 10-1-915 (notice of freeze right) — history lines: § 10-1-913 'enacted by Ga. L. 2008, p. 594, § 1/HB 130; Ga. L. 2014, p. 668, § 1/HB 915'; § 10-1-914 'enacted by Ga. L. 2008, p. 594, § 1/HB 130; Ga. L. 2018, p. 245, § 1/SB 376; Ga. L. 2024, p. 1052, § 2(34)/SB 448, effective July 1, 2024'; § 10-1-914.1 'enacted by Ga. L. 2014, p. 668, § 2/HB 915; Ga. L. 2018, p. 245, § 2/SB 376'; § 10-1-915 'enacted by Ga. L. 2008, p. 594, § 1/HB 130'. (d) O.C.G.A. § 10-1-912(d) (data-breach notice to nationwide CRAs when more than 10,000 Georgia residents are affected) — an information-broker duty, not a consumer credit-reporting right. Remedies that attach to (a) come from the FBPA's general sections: § 10-1-399 (private action, 30-day pre-suit demand, treble damages for intentional violation, attorney fees), § 10-1-397 (Attorney General civil penalties), § 10-1-401 (two-year limitations), § 10-1-396 (exemptions). The year paragraph (29) was enacted is not established by any primary source relied on here: the § 10-1-393 history line lists 'Ga. L. 1992, p. 2139, § 1' and the annotations cite a law-review note 'on 1992 amendment of this Code section', but no session law in this material ties paragraph (29) specifically to 1992. It was in force by December 4, 2003 — Congress said so in § 1681t(b)(4)(B) — and appears unchanged in the 2010 and 2025 Justia prints.

法定赔偿

One Georgia statute supplies money remedies that could reach conduct of this kind: the Fair Business Practices Act, O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399. Each of its subsections does something different. Whether Georgia has other state-law money remedies in this area is not settled by this text.

展开完整规定

Subsection (c) provides that, subject to subsection (b), a court shall award three times actual damages for an intentional violation. The wording is mandatory, and it is expressly made subject to the whole of subsection (b) — not only to that subsection's 30-day written demand, but also to its tender-of-settlement rule, under which a respondent who makes a written tender of settlement within 30 days of the delivery of the demand, and has it rejected by the claimant, may file that written tender and an affidavit concerning the rejection in any subsequent action and thereby limit any recovery to the relief tendered, if the court finds that the relief tendered was reasonable in relation to the injury actually suffered. Treble damages are therefore not unconditional once a demand has been delivered: a reasonable settlement offer that is refused can cap the entire recovery at what was offered. Whether courts treat subsection (c) as mandatory in practice is not settled here: the annotation to Conseco Fin. Servicing Corp. v. Hill, 252 Ga. App. 774, 556 S.E.2d 468 (2001), reports that a trial court was authorized to award punitive damages, but not required to award three times the compensatory damages, or any amount at all — which speaks to discretion over punitive damages rather than to the operation of subsection (c).

Nothing in the text of § 10-1-399(c) confines treble damages to a particular category of violation, and the annotations show the subsection reaching a violation established through federal law. In 1st Nationwide Collection Agency, Inc. v. Werner, 288 Ga. App. 457, 654 S.E.2d 428 (2007), a debtor was properly awarded treble damages where the trial court found that the agency had intentionally violated the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and thereby violated the Fair Business Practices Act.

Subsection (b) requires that, at least 30 days before filing, a written demand for relief identifying the claimant and reasonably describing the unfair or deceptive act or practice relied upon and the injury suffered be delivered to any prospective respondent. That requirement is not absolute. It does not apply if the prospective respondent does not maintain a place of business or does not keep assets within the state. A debtor seeking a temporary restraining order over a violation of § 10-1-393(b)(20) need only give, or attempt to give, the demand at least 24 hours in advance of the time set for the hearing. And in Werner, a debtor who asserted the Fair Business Practices Act claim as a counterclaim was not required to deliver a written demand at all.

Subsection (a) allows a person injured by a violation to seek equitable injunctive relief and to recover general and exemplary damages, provided, however, that exemplary damages shall be awarded only in cases of intentional violation. The statute allows the action to be brought individually, but not in a representative capacity.

Subsection (d) awards the person injured by the violation reasonable attorneys' fees and expenses of litigation, with two provisos attached. The court shall deny fees and expenses incurred after the rejection of a reasonable written offer of settlement made within 30 days of the mailing or delivery of the written demand for relief. And if the court finds the action continued past that rejection in bad faith or for the purposes of harassment, the court shall award attorneys' fees and expenses of litigation to the adverse party instead.

Deadlines apply to these remedies. Under O.C.G.A. § 10-1-401(a), no private right of action may be brought under this part more than two years after the person bringing the action knew or should have known of the occurrence of the alleged violation, or more than two years after the termination of any proceeding or action by the State of Georgia, whichever is later. Under § 10-1-401(b), damages or penalties to which a person is entitled under this part may still be set off against the allegation of that person to the seller, and may be raised as a defense to a suit on the obligation, without regard to that limitation period. A federal FCRA claim runs on its own clock: 15 U.S.C. § 1681p requires the action to be brought not later than the earlier of 2 years after the plaintiff's discovery of the violation or 5 years after the violation occurs.

Two things stay open. The text of § 10-1-399 does not say whether an inaccurate entry on a credit report is itself a Fair Business Practices Act violation. Its annotations do reach conduct next to credit reporting: in Carlisle v. Nat'l Commer. Servs., 722 Fed. Appx. 864 (11th Cir. 2018), a damages award was not in error because a debt collector's false representation of a debt and its failure to notify credit reporting agencies that the debt was disputed caused the debtor emotional distress, and those acts constituted violations of the federal Fair Debt Collection Practices Act for which damages could be recovered under the Georgia Fair Business Practices Act. That is a federal violation carried into the Act rather than a holding that a reporting error standing alone is one, so the statute does not settle whether a reporting error by itself opens this route — the annotations neither establish it nor foreclose it. And whether Georgia provides any state statutory damages specifically for credit-reporting inaccuracy is a claim that no such provision exists; the statutes quoted on this page cannot settle it. What a consumer recovers under the FCRA itself is set by federal damages provisions that are not quoted on this page.

何时可延长

No Georgia overlay — federal 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(1)(B) governs (15-day extension when the consumer sends additional relevant information during the 30-day period). Georgia has no extension rule because it has no reinvestigation rule.

征信局的义务

No Georgia overlay on reinvestigation, accuracy, or dispute handling — federal 15 U.S.C. § 1681i and § 1681e(b) govern.

展开完整规定

Georgia imposes only three bureau duties of its own: (1) two additional free consumer reports per calendar year from each nationwide bureau on request with 'appropriate verification of his or her identity' (§ 10-1-393(b)(29)(C)); (2) security-freeze placement/lift/removal timing and a written confirmation with a PIN (§ 10-1-914), plus a 30-day placement duty for protected-consumer freezes (§ 10-1-914.1(c)); (3) for employment-purpose reports only, either contemporaneous notice to the consumer that public-record information is being reported or 'strict procedures' to keep such information 'complete and up to date' (§ 10-1-393.14(b)), with a safe harbor in (d) for any agency 'in compliance with the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act in existence on March 11, 2015'.

Free reports (§ 10-1-393(b)(29)(C)): the duty runs only against a 'consumer reporting agency which compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nation-wide basis' — Equifax, Experian, TransUnion — not against specialty or regional agencies, and only to a consumer 'who has provided appropriate verification of his or her identity'.

展开完整规定

It is 'two complete consumer reports per calendar year', so combined with the federal free annual disclosure under 15 U.S.C. § 1681j(a)(1)(A) ('once during any 12-month period'), a Georgia resident can obtain three free file disclosures from each nationwide bureau in a year. The federal one must be requested 'using the centralized source' (annualcreditreport.com, § 1681j(a)(1)(B)); the two Georgia ones are requested from each bureau directly — the Attorney General's page says 'To request the second and third free credit reports you must contact the three credit reporting agencies directly' and lists dedicated numbers (Experian (866) 200-6020; TransUnion (800) 888-4213). This right survives preemption because Congress expressly saved it in 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(4)(B) — but only 'as in effect on December 4, 2003', so any future Georgia expansion of (29)(C) would not be saved. Security freeze (§ 10-1-914): placement 'no later than three business days after receiving the consumer’s written request sent by certified mail' ((b)); written confirmation and PIN 'within ten business days of placing the security freeze' ((c)); temporary lift 'No later than three business days after receiving a written request' or 'Within 15 minutes after the request and payment are received by telephone or electronically ... during normal business hours' ((f)); removal 'within three business days of receiving a request for removal' ((k)); the freeze does not block a creditor or its collector reviewing or collecting an existing account ((m)(1)); enforcement is by the Attorney General only, capped at $100 per consumer ((p)). Employment reports (§ 10-1-393.14): applies only to reports 'for employment purposes' and only to 'items of information on consumers which are matters of public record and are likely to have an adverse effect upon a consumer’s ability to obtain employment' — irrelevant to a credit tradeline dispute.

数据提供方的义务

No Georgia overlay — federal 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b) governs. No Georgia statute imposes any duty on a furnisher (original creditor, debt collector, debt buyer, landlord, bank) regarding the accuracy of information reported to a consumer reporting agency, the marking of disputed accounts, or the investigation of disputes.

展开完整规定

§ 10-1-393(b)(29) addresses only consumer reporting agencies and persons obtaining reports under false pretenses. §§ 10-1-913 through 10-1-915 bind only a 'consumer credit reporting agency'. § 10-1-393.14 binds only a 'consumer reporting agency'. Even a general FBPA 'unfair or deceptive practice' theory aimed at a furnisher's reporting conduct is barred by 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(F), which preempts state law 'with respect to any subject matter regulated under ... section 1681s–2 of this title, relating to the responsibilities of persons who furnish information to consumer reporting agencies', with carve-outs only for Massachusetts and California — Georgia is not among them, and Georgia has no September 30, 1996 grandfather to invoke on this subparagraph because (F) contains none. A Northern District of Georgia decision, Russell-Allgood v. Resurgent Capital Services, L.P., 515 F. Supp. 2d 1307 (N.D. Ga. 2007) (J. Owen Forrester, Civil Action 1:06-CV-1943-JOF, filed June 6, 2007, per CourtListener docket metadata), is reported by secondary sources as holding a Georgia FBPA claim against a debt buyer's credit reporting preempted by the FCRA. That holding is reported as those secondary sources state it, not quoted from the opinion, which is not among the materials this page relies on. The practical consequence is that Georgia law gives a consumer no claim against a furnisher over what the furnisher reports; the duty that does bind a furnisher is the federal one, 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b), which attaches when the dispute reaches the furnisher through a consumer reporting agency.

免费查询报告的权利

Georgia adds two free reports per calendar year from each nationwide bureau on top of the federal free annual disclosure — the one Georgia overlay Congress expressly preserved.

展开完整规定

State text, § 10-1-393(b)(29)(C): 'Each consumer reporting agency which compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nation-wide basis shall furnish to any consumer who has provided appropriate verification of his or her identity two complete consumer reports per calendar year, upon request and without charge;'. Federal text, § 1681j(a)(1)(A): 'All consumer reporting agencies described in subsections (p) and (w) of section 1681a of this title shall make all disclosures pursuant to section 1681g of this title once during any 12-month period upon request of the consumer and without charge to the consumer.' Preemption savings clause, § 1681t(b)(4): 'with respect to the frequency of any disclosure under section 1681j(a) of this title, except that this paragraph shall not apply- ... (B) with respect to section 10–1–393(29)(C) of the Georgia Code (as in effect on December 4, 2003);'. Limits that travel with this right: nationwide bureaus only; identity verification required; 'per calendar year' (state) versus 'any 12-month period' (federal) — different clocks; the state reports are requested directly from each bureau, not through annualcreditreport.com; and the savings clause freezes the right at its December 4, 2003 wording. Separately, the FCRA already gives a free post-reinvestigation report (§ 1681i(a)(6)(B)(ii)) and a free report after adverse action (§ 1681j(b)), so in a dispute letter the Georgia right is a convenience for follow-up verification, not a basis for a demand.

管辖法律

The Georgia credit-reporting provisions drawn on here sit in the Official Code of Georgia Annotated. Article 34 of Title 10, Chapter 1 is captioned “Identity Theft” and runs from § 10-1-910 through § 10-1-915. Within it, § 10-1-913 supplies additional definitions.

展开完整规定

Section 10-1-914 governs a consumer requested security freeze on a credit report, covering timing, notifications, temporary lifting of the freeze, and application. Section 10-1-914.1 governs security freezes for protected consumers. Section 10-1-915 governs notice of the right to a security freeze.

The heading of § 10-1-914 ends with the word “penalty,” so that section may carry a penalty provision. A heading is editorial matter rather than operative text, and the body of § 10-1-914 is not among the statutes quoted on this page, so what any such penalty reaches, whom it binds, and how large it is are not settled. That cuts both ways: this text does not settle a claim that Georgia imposes no state-law penalty anywhere in credit reporting, and it does not settle the opposite claim either.

Two sections often named as Georgia's credit-reporting overlays are unverified here: O.C.G.A. § 10-1-393(b)(29), described elsewhere as adding free consumer reports, and O.C.G.A. § 10-1-393.14, described elsewhere as an employment-screening rule for consumer reporting agencies. Neither their wording nor even their section numbers appears in the Georgia and federal statutes quoted on this page, so nothing here establishes what they say, or that they exist.

Whether Georgia has a stand-alone consumer credit reporting act is, on this text, unsettled. So is whether the sections above are the only Georgia statutes bearing on credit reporting, whether any Georgia statute sets a reinvestigation deadline, whether any imposes a duty on a furnisher, and whether any creates state statutory damages for inaccurate reporting. Each of those is a claim that something does not exist, and the statutory text quoted here cannot establish it.

律师费

No Georgia overlay for FCRA claims — federal §§ 1681n(a)(3) and 1681o(a)(2) govern. Fees exist under Georgia law only for a claim that actually arises under the FBPA (free-report refusal; employment-report violation): § 10-1-399(d): 'If the court finds in any action that there has been a violation of this part, the…

展开完整规定

person injured by such violation shall, in addition to other relief provided for in this Code section and irrespective of the amount in controversy, be awarded reasonable attorneys’ fees and expenses of litigation incurred in connection with said action; provided, however, that the court shall deny a recovery of attorneys’ fees and expenses of litigation which are incurred after the rejection of a reasonable written offer of settlement made within 30 days of the mailing or delivery of the written demand for relief required by this Code section; provided, further, that, if the court finds the action continued past the rejection of such reasonable written offer of settlement in bad faith or for the purposes of harassment, the court shall award attorneys’ fees and expenses of litigation to the adverse party.' That last proviso is a two-way fee shift against a consumer who litigates past a reasonable offer in bad faith. There is no fee provision in §§ 10-1-913 through 10-1-915.

追诉时效

2 年

The 2-year figure is the Fair Business Practices Act limitations period, § 10-1-401(a): 'No private right of action shall be brought under this part: (1) More than two years after the person bringing the action knew or should have known of the occurrence of the alleged violation; or (2) More than two years after the termination of any proceeding or action by the State of Georgia, whichever is later.' It governs ONLY the Georgia-law claims available here (free-report refusal under § 10-1-393(b)(29)(C); employment-report violation under § 10-1-393.14).

展开完整规定

It does NOT govern an FCRA claim: for inaccurate reporting, failed reinvestigation, or furnisher failures, the federal period in 15 U.S.C. § 1681p applies (2 years from discovery, 5-year outer limit) whether the suit is filed in Georgia state or federal court. § 10-1-401(b) separately preserves FBPA damages 'as a defense to a suit on the obligation without regard to the time limitations prescribed by this Code section' — a set-off right when the consumer is sued on the debt. There is no limitations period stated in §§ 10-1-913 through 10-1-915 because there is no private action under them.

受理投诉的机构

Georgia Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division (Georgia Department of Law). It administers the Fair Business Practices Act (§ 10-1-397 gives the Attorney General cease-and-desist, civil-penalty, restitution, and injunction powers) and is the only enforcer named in the freeze statute (§ 10-1-914(p): 'may be investigated and prosecuted under the provisions of the Fair Business Practices Act, Code Section 10-1-390, et seq., and may be fined not more than $100.00 for a violation concerning a specific consumer').

展开完整规定

The Division's own credit-reports page states: 'In 1971, the federal government passed the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), which provides basic rights to all consumers and recognizes the need for all credit information to be correct. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) enforces the FCRA.' and 'Plus, as a Georgia resident, you are entitled by the Fair Business Practices Act to receive two additional free credit reports from each credit reporting agency per year.' For an inaccurate-tradeline dispute the substantive federal regulator is the CFPB (complaint at consumerfinance.gov/complaint), not a Georgia agency.

Scope limits

(1) Free-report right (§ 10-1-393(b)(29)(C)): nationwide bureaus only; 'two complete consumer reports per calendar year' — calendar year, not rolling 12 months; 'upon request' and only after 'appropriate verification of his or her identity'; saved from preemption only 'as in effect on December 4, 2003' (§…

展开完整规定

1681t(b)(4)(B)); the state reports are obtained directly from each bureau, not through annualcreditreport.com; federal citation omits the '(b)' designator ('10–1–393(29)(C)') — cite the Georgia section as § 10-1-393(b)(29)(C) and, where the letter quotes the federal savings clause, quote Congress's form verbatim. (2) FBPA private action (§ 10-1-399): requires a 'written demand for relief ... delivered to any prospective respondent' at least 30 days before suit ((b)) — a jab.today letter can serve as this demand only if it identifies the claimant, 'reasonably describ[es] the unfair or deceptive act or practice relied upon and the injury suffered'; the demand requirement 'shall not apply if the prospective respondent does not maintain a place of business or does not keep assets within the state' ((b)); a reasonable written tender within 30 days caps recovery at the tender ((b)) and cuts off later attorney fees ((d)); treble damages are 'Subject to subsection (b)' and require an 'intentional violation' ((c)); exemplary damages 'only in cases of intentional violation' ((a)); the action is 'individually, but not in a representative capacity' ((a)) — no class actions; the Attorney General must be served with the complaint within 20 days ((g)); two-year discovery-rule limitations (§ 10-1-401(a)); FBPA does not apply to 'Actions or transactions specifically authorized under laws administered by or rules and regulations promulgated by any regulatory agency of this state or the United States' (§ 10-1-396(1)); public-consuming-interest requirement (Zeeman). (3) Security freeze (§§ 10-1-913 — 10-1-915): Georgia residents only (§ 10-1-913(1)); consumer freeze request 'in writing by certified mail' or via the internet/toll-free methods the bureau must offer ((a)); does not block existing-account review or collection ((m)(1)), court orders, child-support and tax agencies, government entities, § 1681b(c) prescreening, monitoring subscriptions, the consumer's own copy, depository institutions for deposit accounts, or insurance ((m)(2)-(11)); temporary lifts may be conditioned on 'proper payment as may be required' ((d)(4), (f)(2)) — no state fee cap remains in the section after the 2018 amendment (Ga. L. 2018, p. 245, § 1/SB 376), and § 10-1-914.1(g) bars any fee for protected-consumer freezes; the 15-minute lift clock is excused by the force-majeure and out-of-hours list in (g); 'protected consumer' means under 16 at the time of the request or a person with a guardian or conservator (§ 10-1-913(7)); enforcement only by the Attorney General under the FBPA with a fine 'not more than $100.00 for a violation concerning a specific consumer' ((p); § 10-1-914.1(j)) — no private damages; preempted for nationwide bureaus by § 1681t(b)(1)(J) since September 21, 2018. The § 10-1-915 notice text still recites that 'a consumer reporting agency has the right to charge you a fee of no more than $3.00 to place a freeze' — stale language that contradicts both the current § 10-1-914 (no fee subsection) and federal § 1681c-1(i)(2)(A) ('free of charge'); do not quote it as a current fee rule. (4) Employment reports (§ 10-1-393.14): employment purposes and public-record items only; compliance with the FCRA 'in existence on March 11, 2015' is deemed compliance ((d)). (5) Breach notice to bureaus (§ 10-1-912(d)): triggered only when 'more than 10,000 residents of this state' must be notified; it is a duty owed to the bureaus, not a consumer right.

Defeasible rules

(a) Free-report claim under the FBPA is defeated by: failure to give 'appropriate verification' of identity; a request to a non-nationwide agency; exceeding two per calendar year; failure to send the § 10-1-399(b) written demand 30 days before suit (unless the respondent has no Georgia place of business or assets); a…

展开完整规定

'reasonable' written tender within 30 days (caps recovery and fees); the § 10-1-396(1) regulatory-authorization exemption; the two-year discovery limitation (§ 10-1-401); and, for treble/exemplary damages, absence of an 'intentional violation'. (b) Any FBPA or common-law theory about the CONTENT or ACCURACY of a report, or about a FURNISHER's conduct, is defeated by federal preemption (§ 1681t(b)(1)(E), (F)) and, for defamation/negligence/privacy, by § 1681h(e) unless 'false information furnished with malice or willful intent to injure' is shown. (c) Freeze-timing claims are defeated by: the consumer's own failure to satisfy § 10-1-914(d) (identification, PIN, time period, payment) ((g)(1)); force majeure, third-party acts, operational interruptions, government action, scheduled or unscheduled maintenance, or a request 'outside of normal business hours' ((g)(2)(A)-(G)); a 'material misrepresentation of fact by the consumer' allows removal after written notice ((h)(2)); residency outside Georgia; the requester being an exempt user ((m)) or the agency being an exempt entity ((o)); and, for nationwide bureaus, § 1681t(b)(1)(J) preemption. There is no bona fide error defense written into any of these Georgia sections; the FBPA definition section (§ 10-1-392) addresses 'when intentional violation occurs' for the treble-damages trigger only (title of the section as listed in the Part 2 index; the subsection was not separately quoted here).

Enforcement agency

Georgia Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division (Georgia Department of Law). File online at https://consumer.georgia.gov/resolve-your-dispute/how-do-i-file-complaint.

展开完整规定

If a postal address is needed, the address shown in the site footer of consumer.georgia.gov is 40 Capitol Square SW, Atlanta, GA 30334 — a site-footer address for the department, not an address confirmed for mailing complaints. Powers under § 10-1-397(b): cease-and-desist orders; civil penalty 'of up to a maximum of $2,000.00 per violation' by administrative order against a person 'who willfully violates this part'; restitution; and in superior court injunctions, 'A civil penalty of up to a maximum of $5,000.00 per violation of this part', declaratory relief, restitution, receivership. Freeze violations: investigation and prosecution under the FBPA with a fine of not more than $100 per affected consumer (§ 10-1-914(p); § 10-1-914.1(j)). Complaints are filed at https://consumer.georgia.gov/resolve-your-dispute/how-do-i-file-complaint. For the substantive credit-report dispute the federal regulator is the CFPB; the Georgia Attorney General's own page attributes FCRA enforcement to the FTC.

Medical debt rules

Two bills in the 2025-2026 Georgia session carried medical-debt captions, and the session record shows neither of them advancing past a second reading.

展开完整规定

The Georgia House of Representatives composite status table marked “***Session Final***” and dated Thursday May 14, 2026 lists HB 765, “Medical Debt Protection Act; enact,” referred to A&CA with a House first reading on 3/13 and a second reading on 3/18; nothing is recorded in that row afterwards, and the blank columns are the only indication that the bill went no further. The Senate portion of the same table lists SB 626, “'Georgia Medical Debt Fairness Act'; enact,” referred to H&HS with a Senate first reading on 3/19 and nothing recorded after it. HB 765 was therefore not the only Georgia medical-debt proposal of that session.

Neither bill's text is quoted on this page, so whether either would in fact have restricted medical debt on consumer reports can be inferred only from its caption, and a caption does not say.

One federal provision bears directly on medical debt in a consumer report. The 30-day reinvestigation duty in 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(1)(A) applies except as provided in subsection (g), and § 1681i(g) sets a separate dispute process for a veteran's medical debt.

Whether Georgia has a statute of its own that bans, delays, or conditions the reporting of medical debt is not settled. A bill-status table shows what the legislature did with particular bills; it cannot show what is or is not already in the code. The absence of such a rule from this page is therefore unestablished, not a finding that Georgia permits medical-debt reporting without restriction.

Relationship to fcra

Georgia is a federal-baseline state. The FCRA supplies every dispute, accuracy, furnisher, damages, and limitations rule; Georgia supplements it in exactly two consumer-usable respects — (i) two extra free reports per calendar year from each nationwide bureau, expressly saved by 15 U.S.C.

展开完整规定

§ 1681t(b)(4)(B), and (ii) a security-freeze statute that federal § 1681c-1(i) has since duplicated at equal-or-better terms and largely preempted for the nationwide bureaus under § 1681t(b)(1)(J). Georgia's § 10-1-393.14 employment-report rule and § 10-1-912(d) breach-notice rule exist but are irrelevant to a credit-tradeline demand letter. A Georgia state page should say plainly: 'Georgia has no state credit-reporting act; your dispute rights, deadlines, and damages come from the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act. Georgia adds three free credit reports a year from each nationwide bureau (one federal, two state) and a free security freeze.'

Security freeze rules

Georgia: O.C.G.A. § 10-1-914 (consumer) and § 10-1-914.1 (protected consumer), enacted 2008 and 2014 by HB 130 and HB 915, fee provision removed effective July 1, 2018 (Ga. L. 2018, p. 245/SB 376 per the history line; the deleted text was not read).

展开完整规定

Key text, § 10-1-914(a)-(c): 'A consumer may place a security freeze on the consumer’s credit report by making a request in writing by certified mail to a consumer credit reporting agency. No later than August 1, 2008, a consumer credit reporting agency shall make available to consumers an internet based method of requesting a security freeze and a toll-free telephone number ...'; '(b) A consumer credit reporting agency shall place a security freeze on a consumer’s credit report no later than three business days after receiving the consumer’s written request sent by certified mail.'; '(c) The consumer credit reporting agency shall send a written confirmation of the security freeze to the consumer within ten business days of placing the security freeze and at the same time shall provide the consumer with a unique personal identification number or password ...'. Lift within 3 business days (written) or 15 minutes (electronic/telephone during 8:00 A.M.–9:30 P.M. Eastern) ((f)); removal within 3 business days ((k)); freeze persists until the consumer asks for removal ((k)); the bureau must not change name, DOB, SSN, or address without written confirmation within 30 days ((n)). Protected consumers (under 16 or under guardianship/conservatorship): placement and removal within 30 days of a compliant request, no fee ((c), (f)(2), (g)). Enforcement: Attorney General under the FBPA, fine not more than $100 per consumer ((p); § 10-1-914.1(j)(1)), plus injunctive relief for protected-consumer violations (§ 10-1-914.1(j)(2)). No private right of action is stated. Federal comparison (15 U.S.C. § 1681c-1(i), applicable to § 1681a(p) nationwide bureaus, effective September 21, 2018): placement 'free of charge' within 1 business day (toll-free telephone or secure electronic) or 3 business days (mail); confirmation within 5 business days; removal 'free of charge' within 1 hour (electronic/telephone) or 3 business days (mail); same existing-account and other exceptions. Preemption: § 1681t(b)(1)(J) preempts state law on 'any subject matter regulated under' § 1681c-1(i) and (j) with no grandfather. Practical rule for letters: to Equifax, Experian, or TransUnion cite § 1681c-1(i) only; mention § 10-1-914 only to a Georgia 'consumer credit reporting agency' that is not a nationwide bureau, and say the federal preemption question for such agencies is unresolved.

Reinvestigation days note

Under 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(1)(A), subject to subsection (f) and except as provided in subsection (g), a consumer reporting agency must conduct a reasonable reinvestigation free of charge and finish it before the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date the agency receives the notice of the dispute from the…

展开完整规定

consumer or from a reseller.

Under § 1681i(a)(1)(B), that 30-day period may be extended for not more than 15 additional days if the agency receives information from the consumer during that 30-day period that is relevant to the reinvestigation. That is where the familiar 45-day figure comes from, and the extension is conditional rather than automatic.

Under § 1681i(a)(1)(C), the extension is unavailable where, during the 30-day period, the disputed information is found to be inaccurate or incomplete, or the agency determines that it cannot be verified.

Under § 1681i(a)(3), the agency may terminate the reinvestigation if it reasonably determines that the dispute is frivolous or irrelevant, including by reason of a failure to provide sufficient information to investigate.

Subsection (f) of § 1681i sets a separate reinvestigation requirement for resellers, and subsection (g) a separate dispute process for a veteran's medical debt.

Section 1681i binds consumer reporting agencies. A furnisher's own obligations after a dispute arise under a different provision, 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2, which is not quoted on this page.

Whether Georgia law adds a deadline of its own for a credit-reporting dispute is not settled. No Georgia credit-reporting chapter is among the statutes quoted on this page, and the proposition that no such deadline exists is a claim that nothing exists, which this text cannot establish.

Who is liable scope limit

Under Georgia law, the only credit-reporting defendants are consumer reporting agencies. § 10-1-393(b)(29)(C) reaches only a 'consumer reporting agency which compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nation-wide basis' — the three nationwide bureaus and no one else.

展开完整规定

§§ 10-1-913 through 10-1-915 bind a 'consumer credit reporting agency', defined in § 10-1-913(3) as 'any person who, for monetary fees, dues, or on a cooperative nonprofit basis, regularly engages in whole or in part in the practice of assembling or evaluating consumer credit information or other information on consumers for the purpose of furnishing consumer credit reports to third parties', and § 10-1-914(o) exempts check-services and fraud-prevention companies, deposit-account information services, resellers that keep no permanent database, and databases used for criminal-record, fraud, claims-history, or employment/tenant/background screening. § 10-1-393.14 binds a 'consumer reporting agency' furnishing reports 'for employment purposes'. NO Georgia statute makes a furnisher — original creditor, debt collector, debt buyer, landlord, hospital, bank — liable for anything it reports to a bureau; the only route to a furnisher is federal § 1681s-2(b), triggered by a dispute lodged with the bureau. RESIDENCY LIMIT on the freeze statute: § 10-1-913(1) '“Consumer” means a natural person residing in this state.' — a non-resident, or a former Georgia resident who has moved, cannot invoke §§ 10-1-914/914.1. The FBPA's own 'consumer' is broader (§ 10-1-392(6): 'a natural person'), but the free-report duty in (29)(C) is stated as a duty of the bureau 'to any consumer' without a residency clause; the Attorney General's page frames it 'as a Georgia resident', and no authority was found on whether a non-resident can claim it — treat it as a Georgia-resident right. FBPA PLAINTIFF LIMIT: Georgia courts read § 10-1-399 to require that the practice have 'potential harmful effect on general consuming public' (Zeeman v. Black, 156 Ga. App. 82 (1980), as summarized in Justia's annotations to § 10-1-399 — annotation read, opinion not read); the Eleventh Circuit has called this 'an unsettled question of Georgia law' (Friedlander v. PDK Labs, 59 F.3d 1131 (11th Cir. 1995), same annotation). A refusal of the statutory free reports is a standardized practice that likely satisfies Zeeman, but a defendant will raise it.

Federal preemption analysis

Analysis of 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b) against each Georgia provision; the federal text is quoted as published at uscode.house.gov. (1) Dispute timing — § 1681t(b)(1)(B) preempts state law 'with respect to any subject matter regulated under ...

展开完整规定

section 1681i of this title, relating to the time by which a consumer reporting agency must take any action ... in any procedure related to the disputed accuracy of information in a consumer's file, except that this subparagraph shall not apply to any State law in effect on September 30, 1996'. Georgia has no such law, before or after 1996, so nothing on the state side interacts with this subparagraph and the dispute clock in a Georgia case is the federal one in § 1681i alone. (2) Content of reports — § 1681t(b)(1)(E) preempts state law under 'section 1681c of this title, relating to information contained in consumer reports, except that this subparagraph shall not apply to any State law in effect on September 30, 1996'. Georgia has no obsolescence, medical-debt, or content rule; § 10-1-393.14 (2015) regulates employment-report public-record procedures, which is arguably § 1681k territory (not listed in (b)(1)) — but it has no bearing on credit disputes and its own subsection (d) defers to the FCRA. (3) Furnisher duties — § 1681t(b)(1)(F) preempts state law under 'section 1681s–2 of this title, relating to the responsibilities of persons who furnish information to consumer reporting agencies, except that this paragraph shall not apply- (i) with respect to section 54A(a) of chapter 93 of the Massachusetts Annotated Laws (as in effect on September 30, 1996); or (ii) with respect to section 1785.25(a) of the California Civil Code (as in effect on September 30, 1996)'. Georgia has no furnisher statute and is not a saved state; an FBPA 'unfair practice' theory against a furnisher's reporting is preempted (Russell-Allgood, N.D. Ga. 2007 — a holding reported by secondary sources rather than quoted from the opinion). A furnisher sued under Georgia law over its reporting has a complete preemption defense, which leaves 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2(b) as the only provision with force against a furnisher in Georgia. (4) Free reports — § 1681t(b)(4) preempts state law 'with respect to the frequency of any disclosure under section 1681j(a) of this title, except that this paragraph shall not apply- ... (B) with respect to section 10–1–393(29)(C) of the Georgia Code (as in effect on December 4, 2003)'. This is an express congressional savings clause naming the Georgia paragraph; a nationwide bureau has no credible preemption argument against the two extra free reports, so long as the right asserted is the one that paragraph conferred as it read on December 4, 2003, which matches the current text. Note § 1681t(b)(5)(E) separately preempts state law 'with respect to the conduct required by the specific provisions of- ... (E) section 1681j(a)' — this covers how the federal annual report is delivered and does not undo the (b)(4)(B) savings clause for frequency. What the savings clause preserves is a Georgia consumer's entitlement to those two additional free file disclosures a year from each nationwide bureau, over and above the federal annual disclosure — including a disclosure obtained to verify that a correction was made. (5) Security freezes — § 1681t(b)(1)(J) (added by Pub. L. 115-174 § 301(b), effective 120 days after May 24, 2018, i.e., September 21, 2018) preempts state law under 'subsections (i) and (j) of section 1681c–1 of this title relating to security freezes'. There is no grandfather. Federal § 1681c-1(i)(1)(A) limits the federal freeze to 'a consumer reporting agency described in section 1681a(p)' (the nationwide bureaus); Georgia's § 10-1-913(3) 'consumer credit reporting agency' is broader. Against Equifax, Experian, or TransUnion, a defendant has a strong argument that § 10-1-914 is preempted in its entirety as to 'any subject matter regulated under' the federal freeze subsections; whether the Georgia statute survives as to agencies that are not nationwide bureaus is unresolved, and no reported decision in the material relied on here addresses it either way. Where the two overlap, the federal rule is equal or better on every point a consumer would rely on: placement 1 business day (electronic) or 3 business days (mail) and 'free of charge' (§ 1681c-1(i)(2)(A)), removal 1 hour (electronic) or 3 business days (mail) and 'free of charge' (§ 1681c-1(i)(3)(C)); Georgia's 15-minute temporary-lift clock (§ 10-1-914(f)(2)) is faster than the federal 1 hour but is conditioned on 'the proper payment as may be required by the consumer credit reporting agency' — fee language the federal statute forbids for nationwide bureaus. The upshot is that § 1681c-1(i) is the provision that operates against a nationwide bureau, while § 10-1-914 has independent work to do only as to a Georgia-covered agency that is not a § 1681a(p) bureau, and even there the preemption question is open. (6) Defamation, negligence, and privacy theories — 15 U.S.C. § 1681h(e): 'Except as provided in sections 1681n and 1681o of this title, no consumer may bring any action or proceeding in the nature of defamation, invasion of privacy, or negligence with respect to the reporting of information against any consumer reporting agency, any user of information, or any person who furnishes information to a consumer reporting agency, based on information disclosed pursuant to section 1681g, 1681h, or 1681m of this title, or based on information disclosed by a user of a consumer report to or for a consumer against whom the user has taken adverse action, based in whole or in part on the report except as to false information furnished with malice or willful intent to injure such consumer.' A Georgia common-law defamation claim over a credit report therefore requires malice or willful intent to injure, so ordinary inaccuracy facts, without more, do not support one. (7) General rule — § 1681t(a) preserves state law only 'except to the extent that those laws are inconsistent with any provision of this subchapter, and then only to the extent of the inconsistency'; the FBPA's own exemption, § 10-1-396(1) ('Actions or transactions specifically authorized under laws administered by or rules and regulations promulgated by any regulatory agency of this state or the United States'), gives bureaus and furnishers a second, state-law defense to FBPA claims about federally regulated reporting conduct.

Reinvestigation days detail

Georgia's only bureau timing rules concern security freezes, not disputes: placement within 3 business days of a certified-mail request (§ 10-1-914(b)); written confirmation and PIN within 10 business days of placement (§ 10-1-914(c)); temporary lift within 3 business days (written) or 15 minutes (telephone/electronic, during 'normal business hours', defined in § 10-1-913(4) as 'any day, between the hours of 8:00 A.

展开完整规定

M. and 9:30 P. M., eastern standard time') (§ 10-1-914(f)); removal within 3 business days (§ 10-1-914(k)); protected-consumer freeze placement and removal within 30 days (§ 10-1-914.1(c), (f)(2)); confirmation of any change to name, date of birth, SSN, or address while a freeze is in place within 30 days (§ 10-1-914(n)). All are 'business days' or minutes except the protected-consumer 30-day rules, which say 'days'. None of them is a reinvestigation deadline and a letter must not present them as one.

自己去读原文

官方来源。如果下面某个数字对你的案子有影响,请打开法条自己读一遍 —— 法律会修订,而且很多城市会在州法之上叠加更严的地方条例。

• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-393(b)(29) (Fair Business Practices Act of 1975) — 2025 Code of Georgia, unofficial reproduction
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-393(b)(29)(C) — Georgia Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division FBPA compilation, February 2024 (official-adjacent PDF)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-393(b)(29)(C) — 2010 Georgia Code print (confirms the paragraph's presence and wording in 2010)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(4) — savings clause naming the Georgia free-report paragraph
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(b)(1)(B), (E), (F), (J) and (b)(5)(E) — preemption of dispute timing, report content, furnisher duties, security freezes, and free-annual-report conduct
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681t(a) — general savings rule; and 2018 amendment note for (b)(1)(J)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681h(e) — qualified immunity from state defamation, privacy, and negligence claims
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681c-1(i)(1)(A), (2)(A), (3)(C) — federal security freeze scope and timing
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681j(a)(1)(A)-(B) — federal free annual disclosure
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-913(1), (3), (4), (7) — definitions for the freeze sections (Georgia residents only)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-914(b), (c), (f), (k), (m)(1), (p) and history — consumer security freeze
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-914.1(c), (f)(2), (g), (j) — security freeze for protected consumers
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-915 — Georgia freeze notice (contains stale $3.00 fee language)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-912(d) — breach notice to nationwide consumer reporting agencies
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-393.14(b), (d) and history — consumer reports for employment purposes
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-392(6), (8), (9), (10) — FBPA definitions
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-396(1) — FBPA exemption for federally or state-regulated transactions
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(a)-(d) — FBPA private remedy, 30-day demand, treble damages, attorney fees
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-401(a)-(b) — FBPA two-year limitations period
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-397(b)(1)(B), (b)(2)(B) — Attorney General civil penalties
• O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2(a)(5) — magistrate court $15,000 civil jurisdiction
• Georgia Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division — 'Credit Reports and Credit Score' (official state page)
• Georgia Attorney General's Consumer Protection Division — 'How Do I File a Complaint?' (official state page)
• Georgia House of Representatives, 2026 COMPOSITE STATUS, Session Final, May 14, 2026 — HB 765 Medical Debt Protection Act (official legislature PDF)
• HB 765 (2025-2026), bill text as introduced, LC 44 3135ER (official legislature PDF; caption only relied on, body not quoted)
• Zeeman v. Black, 156 Ga. App. 82, 273 S.E.2d 910 (1980) and Friedlander v. PDK Labs, Inc., 59 F.3d 1131 (11th Cir. 1995) — as summarized in Justia's annotations to O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399 (annotations read; opinions NOT read)
• Russell-Allgood v. Resurgent Capital Services, L.P., 515 F. Supp. 2d 1307 (N.D. Ga. 2007)
• Justia index — Georgia Code Title 10, Chapter 1, Article 34 'Identity Theft' (§§ 10-1-910 — 10-1-915) and Article 15 Part 2 'Fair Business Practices Act' (§§ 10-1-390 — 10-1-408): confirms no separate credit-reporting article exists in Chapter 1
• O.C.G.A. Title 10, Ch. 1, Art. 34 section list (2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-913 (section heading, 2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-914 (section heading, 2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-914.1 (section heading, 2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-915 (section heading, 2025 Code of Georgia)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(1)(A)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(1)(B)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(1)(C)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(a)(3)(A)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(f) (subsection heading)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681i(g) (subsection heading)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681i, note referring furnisher duties to 15 U.S.C. § 1681s-2
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-401(a) (2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-401(a)(1) (2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-401(a)(2) (2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-401(b) (2025 Code of Georgia)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681p (jurisdiction and limitation, opening clause)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681p(1)
• 15 U.S.C. § 1681p(2)
• O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2(a) (introductory clause, version effective until January 1, 2027)
• O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2(a)(5) (version effective until January 1, 2027)
• O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2, editor's note on delayed effective date
• O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2, history line (most recent amendment)
• O.C.G.A. § 15-10-2(a)(11) (version effective until January 1, 2027)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(c) (2025 Code of Georgia)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(b) (30-day written demand for relief)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(b) (exception where respondent has no in-state place of business or assets)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(b) (24-hour exception for a debtor seeking a temporary restraining order)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(a) (individual, non-representative capacity)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(a) (exemplary damages proviso)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(d) (fees and expenses of litigation)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(d) (first proviso: fees denied after rejection of a reasonable settlement offer)
• O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399(d) (second proviso: fees to the adverse party on bad faith or harassment)
• Conseco Fin. Servicing Corp. v. Hill, annotation to O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399
• 1st Nationwide Collection Agency, Inc. v. Werner, annotation to O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399 (treble damages for an intentional FDCPA violation)
• 1st Nationwide Collection Agency, Inc. v. Werner, annotation to O.C.G.A. § 10-1-399 (no demand required on a counterclaim)
• Georgia House of Representatives composite status table, page header
• Georgia House of Representatives composite status table, date line
• Georgia House composite status table, HB 765 row
• Georgia House composite status table, Senate section, SB 626 row
• Georgia House composite status table, HB 792 caption (first line)
• Georgia House composite status table, HB 792 caption (second line)
• Georgia House composite status table, Senate section, SB 405 caption
• Georgia House composite status table, note carried on the SB 405 row

最近核实: 2026-09-07